James Cudworth 1612-1681, of England and Scituate & Barnstable, Massachusetts

James Cudworth was baptized Aller, Somersetshire, England, 2 August 1612 [St. Andrew’s Church register], the son of Ralph and Mary (Machell) Cudworth. He became one of the most prominent men of Plymouth Colony—he held high public office, the commander of the colony’s forces during King Philip’s War, and was a man of conviction.. He is my 11th great-grandfather on my grandfather Arthur Washburn Ellis Davis’ side of the family.

St. Andrew's Church, Aller

His father was a minister and Chaplain to King James I and his mother was once the nurse to King James I’s son Prince Henry. [Holman] His brother Ralph was educated at Cambridge, was a leading intellectual of 17th century England and member of the Cambridge Platonists, and published in 1678 his great work The True Intellectual System of the Universe.

It doesn’t appear James went to university, but that he was educated is shown in letters he wrote, his positions of importance in the Colony, and his collection of books valued in his inventory at the impressive sum of more than £7.

Marriage and Children

James married Mary Parker on 1 February 1633/34 at Northam, Devonshire. [Northam Church Register] Mary was born about 1606; I have not discovered her ancestry.  The couple had seven children, two dying as a newborns.

1. James bp Scituate 3 May 1635 [NEHGR 9:281]; m. by 1665 Mary Howland (eldest child b Scituate 3 June 1665; [NGSQ 75:110 citing Pembroke Monthly Meeting records]); Mary was daughter of Henry Howland whose brother, John, was a Mayflower passenger.  {1632, Plymouth} [GMB 2:1016-19]
2. Mary bp Scituate 23 July 1637 [NEHGR 9:281]; m. 9 March 1660/1 Robert Whitcomb who was a Quaker. [PCR 3:206, 209, 220, 4:9])
3. Jonathan bp Scituate 16 Sept 1638 [NEHGR 9:281]; buried Scituate 24 Sept 1638 [NEHGR 9:285].
4. Israel bp Barnstable 18 April 1641 [NEHGR 9:282]; m. by 1678 when eldest known child was born, a woman whose name is not known.
5. Joanna bp Barnstable 25 March 1643 [NEHGR 9:282]; m. by 1681 —— Jones.
6. “A man child of James Cudworth, unbaptized,” buried Barnstable 24 June 1644. [NEHGR 9:285]
7. Jonathan b say 1646, m. Scituate 31 May 1667 Sarah Jackson.

I descend from James Jr. 

Migration

James was at Plymouth Colony before 18 January 1634/5 when “Mr. Cudworth and his wife joined” the Scituate church [NEHGR 9:279]. Scituate was the third town organized in Plymouth Colony, after Plymouth and Duxbury. He was a follower of Rev. Lothrop and went with him to Barnstable in 1639 but soon returned to Scituate. Anderson wrote that Timothy Hatherly, a wealthy merchant, was the most prominent Scituate citizen, followed by Mr. James Cudworth. [MD 64:92]

The Freeman lists help track where James was living:

• He is on the list for Plymouth 1 Jan 1634/5 [PCR 1:32] (and added to end of 1633 list of Plymouth freeman [PCR 1:4])
• In 7 March 1636/7 list of Plymouth freemen.[PCR 1:52] 
• In the Scituate section of the 1639 list of Plymouth Colony freemen; his name was deleted in this location and added to the Barnstable section of the same list, and was then deleted again in that place [PCR 8:175, 177] 
• In the Scituate section of the 1658 Plymouth Colony list of freemen (as “Capt. James Cudworth”) [PCR 8:198]

Public Service

James was an important leader at Plymouth Colony, serving as Deputy Governor, Assistant, Deputy to the Court, and numerous committees and juries. He is called a Salter on at least one document. [PCR 12:158] Details of his service:

• He was named Plymouth Colony Deputy Governor 7 June 1681 [PCR 6:58]
• Assistant 1656, 1657, 1674, 1675, 1676, 1677, 1678, 1679, 1680. [ PCR 3:99, 114, 5:143, 163, 194, 229 256, 6:9, 34] 
• Plymouth Commission to New England Confederation 1655, 1657, 1678, 1681 [PCR 3:77, 115, 5:256, 6:59, 10:135, 178, 390 411] 
• Deputy to Plymouth General Court for Barnstable 1640 and 1642 [PCR 1:155, 2:40] and for Scituate 1649, 1650, 1651, 1652, 1652/3, 1653/4, 1654, 1654, 1655, 1656 [PCR 2:144, 154, 167, 3:8, 23, 44, 49, 63, 79, 99] 
• Apparently sent by Scituate as a deputy on 7 June 1659 but “not approved by the Court.” [PCR 3:162]
  Scituate constable 1636 and 1637. [PCR 1:48, 54] 
• On 4 July 1673 “Captain James Cudworth is authorized by the Court to solemnize marriages, and to grant subpoenas for witnesses, and to administer oaths unto witnesses for the trial of a cause as occasion may require, in the town of Scituate for this present year.” [PCR 5:125]
• On 30 October 1677 “The sum of five pounds is allowed by the General Court unto Mr. Hinckley and Major Cudworth, towards the bearing the charge and expense they may be at in their journeys to and fro, and in their attendance upon his majesty’s order and command, respecting the business about and concerning Will[ia]m Harris, of Patucket, near Providence.” [PCR 5:247-8]
• On 28 Sept 1680 “Major Cudworth” along with the Governor and Deputy Governor was allotted £3 “in compensation of their charges expended and care and pains taken, in the colony’s behalf, in and about the late address of our colony to his majesty, our dread sovereign, &c.” [PCR 6:52]
• On 7 June 1681, James Cudworth moved up a rung on the political ladder when he was elected Deputy Governor.

Juries:

• Plymouth petit jury 4 October 1636, 2 Jan 1637/8. [PCR 1:44, 74] 
• Coroner’s jury Nov 1655, June 1666, August 1673. [PCR 3:92, 4:130, 5:122]

Committees: 

• Plymouth Colony audit committee 1653, 1656, 1657. [PCR 3:33, 104, 117] 
• To “view the writing lately sent out of the Bay, and compare it with the articles of confederation, and to give in their thoughts about it,” June 1653. [PCR 3:33] 
• On Kennebec trade 1656 [PCR 3:96] 
• To “review the laws, and to reduce them to such order as they may conduce to the benefit of the government” June 1657. [PCR 3:117]
• To lay out a footpath June 1658. [PCR 3:139] 
• To “rectify the bounds” of Taunton Oct 1659. [PCR 3:172] 
• To divide lands, October 1662. [PCR 4:27] 
• To view a fence October 1664. [PCR 4:75] 
• To settle a land controversy October 1664. [PCR 4:76] 
• To lay out land March 1664/5. [PCR 4:82] 
• To resolve a domestic dispute June 1667. [PCR 4:133] 
• To settle a land dispute March 1668/9. [PCR 5:12] 
• To settle Scituate land disputes June 1671. [PCR 5:70] 
• To settle land dispute July 1672. [PCR 5:96] 
• To lay out lands at Scituate  Oct 1672. [PCR 5:103] 
• To settle a business dispute Nov 1672. [PCR 5:107]
• To sell colony lands July 1679. [PCR 6:9] 
• To “review and settle the laws of this jurisdiction” 5 June 1678, 7 July 1681. [PCR 5:263, 6:68]

James Cudworth was called upon frequently to act as guardian or to administer the estates of his neighbors. He was often a witness to signing of deeds and wills. Capt. James Cudworth and Timothy Hatherly as “loving friends” were supervisors to Miles Standish’s will which was proved May 1657.

Military Service

During his lifetime James held the ranks of Captain, Major and General. 

He was in the Barnstable section of the 1643 Plymouth Colony list of men able to bear arms, then crossed out and added to the Scituate section. [PCR 8:191, 193] He was appointed Captain of the military company at Scituate on 29 June 1652. [PCR 3:14] and Plymouth council of war 6 April 1653. [PCR 3:26, 28, 55-56]

James was chosen Captain of the Plymouth contribution to a United Confederation expedition against the Dutch 17 Dec 1673 [PCR 5:136] but declined the office due to his wife’s failing health. [Scituate History 249-50] Was Captain of the military company of Scituate 7 Jul 1674. [PCR 5:150]

On 4 October 1674 “Major James Cudworth was unanimously chosen and reestablished in the office of a general or commander-in-chief, to take the charge of our forces that are or may be sent forth in behalf of the colony against the enemy, as occasion may require.” [PCR 5:157] On the same day “General Cudworth” and four other men “were appointed a committee in the behalf of the country, to take an account of the charges arising by this present war.” [PCR 5:175] On 6 Dec 1675 “Major Cudworth” and two other men were appointed press masters for Scituate. [PCR 5:183]

As a Major he led the Colony forces against the Native Americans in King Philip’s War in 1670s. [NEHGR 37:57, 45:80, 45;119] It was hoped to keep the war confined to Philip’s home area of Mount Hope and Capt. James Cudworth, with about 100 Plymouth men and two hundred Massachusetts men, was given the assignment. But Philips crossed the water separating Mount Hope from Saconnet on the mainland, and the war could not be contained. In 1675 Cudworth was now a Major and took Winslow’s place as commander of all Plymouth forces. [Stratton, p 112] 

During the war, Scituate lost some its most promising and valued men  and Native Americans burned 23 buildings to the ground, and the town was struggling under a debt of nearly £800. [Pratt]

Civil Disobedience 

James Cudworth was clearly a man of conviction who had a tolerant attitude towards the Quakers. He held his ground and suffered personally and professionally. His military service against the American Indians gives me pause, but I greatly admire conviction. I’ve always been annoyed that one of the reasons my Pilgrim ancestors came to Plymouth was for religious freedom, but clearly only for themselves and not for others those whose beliefs differed from their own. However, the inclusion of men like James in Plymouth Colony government led to more moderate policies than the Bay. [Stratton p. 148]

Because James was a supporter of the rights of Quakers, he was stripped of his freeman status, military rank, and public positions. Mary Lovering Holman wrote: “He evidently possessed the same type of liberal mind as his famous brother, Ralph, with the same keen sense of justice and love of fair play, and was against the persecution of the Quakers.”

In late 1659 or perhaps early 1660, James wrote to someone in England about political and religious affairs in Plymouth Colony, and particularly about the circumstances of his own fall from power. [Scituate Planters 223-27] “Last election Mr. Hatherly and myself were left off the bench, and myself discharged of my Captainship, because I had entertained some of the Quakers at my house, thereby that I might be the better acquainted with their principles…But the Quakers and myself cannot close in diverse things, and so I signified to the Court, but told them withal, that as I was no Quaker, so I would be no persecutor.” In the latter part of the letter he spoke harshly of the behavior and character of some of those who still held high office in Plymouth. His writing reveals him to be a learned man who wrote in a somewhat lawyerly style.

On 7 March 1659/60 “[i]n reference to Capt. James Cudworth, the Court taking notice of his great disaffection to this government and manifest abetting and encouragement of those called Quakers, expressed partly in a letter, owned by himself in the manner of sending it, and in many other carriages of his known to us, and also in a letter strongly conjectured and suspected to be by him sent into England, the which himself hath not yet denied,” the Court bound him over to the June Court to answer for his actions. [PCR 3:183] On 6 June 1660 “[i]n reference unto a seditious letter sent for England, the copy whereof is come over in print, Captain Cudworth sent for England, the copy whereof is come over in print, Captain Cudworth being groundedly suspected to be the author thereof, the Court have ordered that he shall put in sufficient security, to the value of five hundred pounds, for his appearance at the next October Court, and so from one General Court unto another until June next, if the Court shall see reason; and that the Court do use their best endeavors forthwith to produce further testimony from Mr. Browne, or any other, for the clearing of the case.” [PCR 3:188-89] On 2 October 1660, “Capt. Cudworth appeared, being bound, and others with him, in the sum of five hundred pounds, and the bonds were cancelled, and the said Capt. Cudworth for the present cleared.” [PCR 3:198]

On 2 October 1660 “the Court having jointly agreed the case respecting Captain Cudworth, about the scandalous letter sent for England, supposed to be penned by Capt. James Cudworth, shall be tried by way of action at the Court to be holden for this government the first Tuesday in March next ensuring the date hereof, and Major Josias Winslow and Mr. Thomas Southworth are appointed and deputed by the Court to implead the case, and it is left to their liberties to make choice of whom they please out of the deputies or freemen to be assistant to them therein.” [PCR 3:198-99]

On the same day, “Mr. John Browne, being deposed, testified in Court having heard a printed letter read, that is supposed to be sent from Capt. James Cudworth to himself; he testified that he did receive a letter subscribed James Cudworth, of Scittuate, which was the substance of what he had now heard, but to all particulars his memory would not reach; and further saith that when he received the said letter he did not question but it was his hand.”

“The said Capt. Cudworth, being required to answer whether it was penned by him or not, refused to answer directly, saying, if any thing could be produced under his hand, he would take to it, or to the like effect; on which the Court prepared for a further trial of the case for the clearing of their innocency concerning the premises, according to the manner before expressed, and the said Capt. Cudworth was for the present released as aforesaid.” [PCR 3:199] 

On 2 March 1657/8, “Whereas this Court received a petition from sundry persons of the town of Scituate, both of the military company and others, therein expressing sundry grievances relating unto some late carriages of Capt. James Cudworth, a commission officer of the military company of Scittuate, in reference to entertaining of some persons as are commonly called Quakers,  by suffering them to meet in his house, and others with them,…do order as followeth, viz: that the said Captain James Cudworth by the court is discharged of his place was captain of the military company of the town of Scittuate; the said Capt. James Cudworth also desired the same.” [PCR 3:130]

On 6 June 1660 “Captain Cudworth being found a manifest opposer of the laws of government, as appears by sundry expressions in a letter directed by him to the Governor and otherwise, is sentenced, according to the law, to be disfranchised of his freedom of this corporation.” [PCR 3:189]

On 1 June 16 1658, he was not reelected as Assistant [PCR 3:134]; and on 6 June 1660 he was disenfranchised. [PCR 3:189] At the time of his disenfranchisement, an attempt was made to try him for sedition, but the court proceedings sputtered to an end for lack of sufficient evidence, with Cudworth provisionally cleared of the charges. 

In 1666 the town of Scituate apparently voted to reinstate Cudworth in his military capacity—on 5 June 1666 the Court took “notice of your vote and nomination of the persons for the present management of your military exercises and affected with your condition, and must signify unto you that we judge that your vote was very unadvised, and with respect to Captain Cudworth, directly against our advice,” and disallowed Cudworth’s reappointment. [PCR 4:126-7]

Nevertheless, official records continued to refer to him as “Captain Cudworth,” and he was during this period of political exile frequently appointed to various minor committees. 

After a decade and a half, James Cudworth’s punishment ended. Perhaps it was forgiveness or perhaps the Colony greatly needed his experience to fight King Philip/Metacom.

On 4 July 1673 “[t]his Court voted Captain James Cudworth, upon his own desire and the request of sundry others in his behalf, to be reestablished into the right and privilege of a freeman of this jurisdiction; and he did openly declare before the Court that he is and remains bound by the oath of a freeman, which he formerly took, unto all fealty and duty therein required unto his majesty, &c and unto this government.” [PCR 5:124]

On 4 July 1673, he was readmitted to freemanship, and on the same day he was made a magistrate for Scituate [PCR 5:124]; on 17 Dec 1673, he was chosen to lead a military expedition against the Dutch [PCR 5:136]; and on 3 June 1674 he was again elected Assistant. [PCR 5:143] The timing may have been accidental, but Plymouth Colony needed the leadership skills of James Cudworth during the upcoming emergency of King Philip’s War.

Land Ownership

In Rev . John Lothrop’s list of houses at Scituate that existed before his September 1634 arrival at that time include that of Mr. Cudworth. Mr, or Master, was an honorific at this time. [NEHGR 10:42] 

In 1627 undertakers Richard Andrews, John Beauchamp, James Sherley, and Timothy Hatherly were promised the whole tract of land that was Scituate. In a 1647 deed Hatherly noted he had control of Andrew’s and Beauchamp’s shares and divided his three-quarters of the tract into 30 shares. He kept three for himself and sold the remaining ones for £108 each. James Cudworth was a purchaser of one share. [Stratton p. 172]

In a December 1634 letter to his step-father Rev. Stoughton he wrote that his house was the biggest in town so served as the meeting house. He said there were not yet 60 persons living in Scituate. He thinks he has 50 bushels of corn even though Mr. Hatherly advised him not to plant. [NEHGR 14:101] He house was on five acres located on Kent Street at Mann Hill, not far from Coleman Hills and south of Mr. Lothrop’s house. [Pratt] 

Map indicating where James lived source: Scituate Historical Society

On 1 Jan 1637/8 James Cudworth was one of 15 Scituate men granted “all that upland & neck of land lying between the North & South Rivers, and all the meadow ground between the rivers from the North River to the Beaver Pond, and all along by the North River side.” [PCR 1:72] 

On 22 Jan 1638/9 James Cudworth was one of eight Scituate men granted “a plantation called Seppekann [Sippican, later Rochester), and the lands thereabouts, for the seating of a township for a congregation there.”  The men did not accept the location and it was later changed to Barnstable. [PCR 1:108]

On 8 June 1642 “James Cudworth of Barnestable, gent.,” sold to “Thomas Ensinge of Scittuate, planter,…all that his dwelling house wherein the said Thomas now dwelleth in Scittuate aforesaid and an outhouse with five acres of upland thereunto adjoining.” [PCR 12:84]

On 1 Dec 1646 Timothy Hatherly of Scituate sold to “James Cudworth, salter,” of Scituate, one 30th part of three-quarters of the land granted to Andrews, Beauchamp, Shirley and Hatherly. [PCR 12:158]

Captain James Cudworth was one of a large group of men who purchased land on the east side of Taunton River from Ussamequen Wamsutta and his woman Tatapanum. Stacy’s Creek is also mentioned. Some of the other purchasers were also my great-grandfathers—Constant Southworth, Samuel House/Howes, Nathaniel Morton, Samuel Nash, Henry Howland, Love Brewster, and Robert Waterman. [MD 39:14] 

On 31 October 1666 the Plymouth General Court consented to a petition from “Captain James Cudworth” dated 30 October 1666 asking for a division of Lot 23 at Conihassett. [PCR 4:138] 

On 22 June 1672 Tackamonett sold land at East Greenwich in the County of Kent for £5 to Constant Southworth, James Cudworth, Hugh Cole, and George Watson. [“Plymouth Colony Deeds” p. 35 on americanancestors.org]

Stepfather Rev. John Stoughton

After his father’s 1624 death, his mother married Rev. John Stoughton who became rector of the same church at Aller. He was the son of Rev. Thomas Stoughton of Coggeshall, a learned man who received his Master’s at Cambridge. He is said to have exerted a deep influence on his two step-sons. [Ralph Stoughton] Writing from Scituate n December 1634 James Cudworth to “his very Loveing & Kinde father, Dr. John Stoughton at his house in Aldermanbury.” “…under god yow have bine the gretest instrument of good to me in the world.” Signed letter “Youre dutyfull sunn till death, James Cudworth.” He provided a list of all the ministers in Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay Colonies and gave news of his uncle Thomas Stoughton’s marriage (John’s brother).

Rev. Stoughton was one of the first to turn attention to the Indian population of New England—he had a benevolent concern for them as a people. In 1635 he made a plea in their behalf, and proposed that a college especially devoted to their education be founded but his untimely death but an end to this plan.  Because James was so close to his step-father and must have been a source for much of what John learned about the Native Americans, I wonder if James also had kind feelings towards the natives and was morally conflicted by his heavy involvement in King Philip’s War.

Probate

In his will dated 15 Sept 1681, proved 7 July 1682, “James Cudworth Sr. of Scituate” ordered that his estate was to be “equally divided amongst my children into six parts or portions, my eldest son James Cudworth, he to have a double share, with what he hath already received;” to “my son Israell” one-sixth part; to “my son Jonathan” one-sixth part; to “my daughter Marye’s four children Israel Whetcomme, Robert, James, and Mary,” one-sixth share equally divided; to “my daughter Joannah Jones” one-sixth part; “Israell Whetcome and Robert Whetcome and James” to receive their shares at age 21, and “Mary Whetcome at the age aforesaid, or day of marriage;” “my sons [to]enjoy and possess all my lands, the eldest son James two-thirds, Israel and Jonathan each of them one-third;” “what the moveables fall short of making good Joannah’s portion and the four grandchildren’s portions” to be paid out of the sons’ estates; “my three sons James, Israell, and Jonathan” joint executors. [PCPR 4:8]

An untotaled inventory of the estate of Major James Cudworth was taken 20 June 1682, and included £370 in real estate: “1 dwelling house, 198 acres of land,” £140; “50 acres of marshland,” £110; “2 shares of the undivided land of Conahassett,” £20, and “the share of Freemen’s land” £100. [PCPR 4:10] The inventory also included “1 Indian Boy” and mentioned an unvalued “Freeman’s grant of Land” given to James Cudworth [the son]. [PCPR 4:10]

Court Involvement

On 2 June 1640 “Mr. Cudworth, of Scittuate,” was presented at court “for selling & retailing of wine contrary to order.” [PCR 1:156] 

On 4 Jan 1641/2 “Thomas Byrd, servant to Mr. James Cudworth, of Barnestable, for running away from his said master, and breaking a house or two in Barnestable, and taking some apparel and victuals, is censured to be once whipped at Plymouth, and once whipped at Barnestable.” [PZCR 2:30]

James have several legal run-ins with John Williams of Scituate. One of these suits occurred after Capt Cudworth hired an Indian to cut his winter’s supply of wood on Gulph Island. The man built a wigwam there for shelter, which Williams took exception to and tore it down. James took him to court and won an award of £5. Interestingly Williams became an obedient officer of Cudworth’s during the war and was a loyal supporter. [Pratt] 

Mary Cudworth

On 1 March 1658/9 “Mrs. Cudworth” was among those fined 10s apiece “for frequently absenting themselves from the public worship of God.” [PCR 8:95, 99] Some researchers indicate this was because she was a practicing Quaker, but it could well be because of her poor health. I have not found anything concrete about her religious beliefs, but her daughter Mary was a Quaker.

Mary pre-deceased her husband, likely at Scituate, between 17 December 1673, when she is mentioned in a letter, and 15 December 1681, when she is not mentioned in her husband’s will.. When James was appointed on 17 Dec 1673 to lead an expedition against the Dutch, Cudworth wrote to Governor Winslow declining the office, giving as one of his reasons the “estate and condition of my family.” “My wife, as is well known unto the whole town, is not only a weak woman, but has so been all along; and now by reason of age, being sixty-seven years and upward, and nature decaying, so her illness grows strongly upon her.” [Scituate History 249] 

James Cudworth’s Death

On 7 July 1681 James appeared at Court for the last time. In late 1681 he returned to England on Colony business, to appeal to the King to issue the Royal Charter that Plymouth Colony had never obtained and was a key to its survival. Gov. Winslow intended to do this, but died before the trip.  James never met with the King—he died at London, possibly of smallpox. He was 68 years old.  Dying of smallpox would explain the lack of record of his burial as the bodies of smallpox victims were disposed of quickly without the usual formalities. 

On 26 May 1682 Gov. Hinckley wrote to William Blathwayt, the colony’s agent in England, about a letter sent to Blathwayt “per hand of Major James Cudworth.” [Scituate Planters 235, citing MHSC 4:5:65]  Writing again on 18 Nov 1682, Hinckley stated that since “mine of the 26th of May last unto you per Mr. Dudley, I received a letter by way of Barbadoes, from Major James Cudworth, our then Deputy-Governor (of which I had only then heard, as I then signified to you), wherein he acquainted me of his safe arrival, in London; and being writ immediately on his arrival, had not then opportunity to inform me what progress was made in the business of our patent committed to your trust, hoping that per first ship hither bound, he should be enabled to give us some good account thereof; but, so it pleased God, that (to our grief) the next news wee heard was of his death; which, being so sudden, we doubt he had not fit opportunity to present himself before the King and Council on our behalf, by your help and advice nor to render to yourself some small testimony of our grateful respects for your trouble, and pains about our concerns.” [Scituate Planters 235, citing MHSC 4:5:74]

There is a memorial stone to James Cudworth at the Men of Kent Cemetery, Scituate which reads:

A Memorial

To

Gen. James Cudworth

We Honor Him as a Lover of Religious Freedom

A Brave and Able Commander

And a True Patriot

Memorial to James Cudworth at Men of Kent Cemetery

Sources:

Robert Charles Anderson, The Great Migration Begins, 2001, 2:249-258

Ralph W. Stoughton, The American Genealogist, “The Stoughton Families of Dorchester, Mass., and Windsore, Conn.,” 29:195 (October 1953)

Richard LeBaron Bowen, NEHGS Register, “1690 Tax Revolt of Plymouth Colony Towns,” 112:5

Eugene Stratton, Plymouth Colony Its History and People, 1986

Peggy M. Baker, The Mayflower Quarterly, “The Plymouth Colony Patents,” September 2014

Harvey Hunter Pratt, The Early Planters of Scituate, 1929

Mary Lovering Holman, Scott Genealogy: Descendants of John Scott of Roxbury, 1919